Installation¶

All the instructions below work on Linux, macOS and Windows.

Binaries¶

The recommended way to install LFortran is using Conda. Install Conda for example by installing the Miniconda installation by following instructions there for your platform. Then create a new environment (you can choose any name, here we chose lf) and activate it:

conda create -n lf
conda activate lf

Then install LFortran by:

conda install lfortran -c conda-forge

Now the lf environment has the lfortran compiler available, you can start the interactive prompt by executing lfortran, or see the command line options using lfortran -h.

The Jupyter kernel is automatically installed by the above command, so after installing Jupyter itself:

conda install jupyter -c conda-forge

You can create a Fortran based Jupyter notebook by executing:

jupyter notebook

and selecting New->Fortran.

Build From a Source Tarball¶

This method is the recommended method if you just want to install LFortran, either yourself or in a package manager (Spack, Conda, Debian, etc.). The source tarball has all the generated files included and has minimal dependencies.

The source tarball of LFortran only depends on:

Python
cmake
LLVM 10-16 (versions 17 and 18 not supported yet)

First we have to install dependencies, for example using Conda:

conda create -n lf python cmake llvmdev
conda activate lf

Then download a tarball from https://lfortran.org/download/, e.g.:

wget https://github.com/lfortran/lfortran/releases/download/v0.42.0/lfortran-0.42.0.tar.gz
tar xzf lfortran-0.42.0.tar.gz
cd lfortran-0.42.0.tar.gz

And build:

cmake -DWITH_LLVM=yes -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=`pwd`/inst .
make -j8
make install

This will install lfortran into inst/bin. It assumes that c++ and cc are available, which on Linux are typically the GNU C++/C compilers.

Build From Git¶

We assume you have C++ compilers installed, as well as git and wget. In Ubuntu, you can also install binutils-dev for stacktraces.

If you do not have Conda installed, you can do so on Linux (and similarly on other platforms):

wget --no-check-certificate https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh -O miniconda.sh
bash miniconda.sh -b -p $HOME/conda_root
export PATH="$HOME/conda_root/bin:$PATH"

Then prepare the environment:

conda create -n lf -c conda-forge llvmdev=11.0.1 bison=3.4 re2c python cmake make toml zstd-static pandoc gcc gxx libcxx
conda activate lf

Clone the LFortran git repository:

git clone https://github.com/lfortran/lfortran.git
cd lfortran

Generate files that are needed for the build (this step depends on re2c, bison and python):

./build0.sh

Now you can use our script ./build1.sh to build in Debug mode:

./build1.sh

and can use ninja to rebuild.

To do a clean rebuild, you can use:

# NOTE: the below git command deletes all untracked files
git clean -dfx  # reset repository to a clean state by removing artifacts generated during the build process
./build0.sh
./build1.sh

Run tests:

ctest
./run_tests.py

Run an interactive prompt:

./src/bin/lfortran

Build from Git on Windows with Visual Studio¶

Install Visual Studio (MSVC), for example the version 2022, you can download the Community version for free from: https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/.

Install miniforge using the Windows installer from https://github.com/conda-forge/miniforge.

Launch the Miniforge Prompt from the Desktop.

In the shell, initialize the MSVC compiler using:

call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community\Common7\Tools\VsDevCmd" -arch=x64

You can optionally test that MSVC works by:

cl /?
link /?

Both commands must print help (several pages).

Now you can download and build LFortran:

git clone https://github.com/lfortran/lfortran.git
cd lfortran
conda env create -f environment_win.yml
conda activate lf
build0.bat
build1.bat

If everything compiled, then you can use LFortran as follows:

inst\bin\lfortran examples/expr2.f90
expr2.exe
inst\bin\lfortran

And so on.

Note: LFortran currently uses the MSVC’s linker program (link), which is only available when the MSVC bat script above is ran. If you forget to activate it, LFortran’s linking will fail.

Note: the miniforge shell seems to be running some version of git-bash (although it is cmd.exe), which has some unix-like filesystem mounted in /usr and several commands available such as ls, which, git, vim. For this reason the Conda build environment_win.yml contains everything needed, including git.

Build from Git on Windows with WSL¶

In windows search „turn windows features on or off”.
Tick Windows subsystem for Linux.
Press OK and restart computer.
Go to Microsoft store and download Ubuntu 20.04, and launch it.
Run the following commands.

wget  https://github.com/conda-forge/miniforge/releases/latest/download/Miniforge3-Linux-x86_64.sh -O miniconda.sh
bash miniconda.sh -b -p $HOME/conda_root
export PATH="$HOME/conda_root/bin:$PATH"

Now do the following to configure the path

sudo nano .bashrc

Then go to the bottom of the file and paste the following

export PATH="$HOME/conda_root/bin:$PATH"

Then press ctrl + O (save), Enter (confirm), ctrl + X (exit)
After that restart Ubuntu
Run the following

conda create -n lf -c conda-forge llvmdev=11.0.1 bison=3.4 re2c python cmake make toml
conda init bash

Restart Ubuntu again

conda activate lf
sudo apt update
sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev libzstd-dev
sudo apt install clang

You can change the directory to a Windows location using cd /mnt/[drive letter]/[windows location].
e.g. cd mnt/c/Users/name/source/repos/
Now clone the LFortran git repository

git clone https://github.com/lfortran/lfortran.git
cd lfortran

Run the following commands

conda activate lf
./build0.sh
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DWITH_LLVM=yes -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=`pwd`/inst .
make -j8

If everything compiles, you can use LFortran as follows

./src/bin/lfortran ./examples/expr2.f90
./expr2.out

Run an interactive prompt

./src/bin/lfortran

Run tests

ctest
./run_tests.py

Enabling the Jupyter Kernel¶

To install the Jupyter kernel, install the following Conda packages also:

conda install xeus=5.1.0 xeus-zmq=3.0.0 nlohmann_json

and enable the kernel by -DWITH_XEUS=yes and install into $CONDA_PREFIX. For example:

cmake \
    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug \
    -DWITH_LLVM=yes \
    -DWITH_XEUS=yes \
    -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="$CONDA_PREFIX" \
    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$CONDA_PREFIX" \
    .
cmake --build . -j4 --target install

To use it, install Jupyter (conda install jupyter) and test that the LFortran kernel was found:

jupyter kernelspec list --json

Then launch a Jupyter notebook as follows:

jupyter notebook

Click New->Fortran. To launch a terminal jupyter LFortran console:

jupyter console --kernel=fortran

Build From Git with Nix¶

One of the ways to ensure exact environment and dependencies is with nix. This will ensure that system dependencies do not interfere with the development environment. If you want, you can report bugs in a nix-shell environment to make it easier for others to reproduce.

With Root¶

We start by getting nix. The following multi-user installation will work on any machine with a Linux distribution, MacOS or Windows (via WSL):

sh <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --daemon

Without Root¶

If you would like to not provide nix with root access to your machine, on Linux distributions we can use nix-portable.

wget https://github.com/DavHau/nix-portable/releases/download/v003/nix-portable

Now just prepend all nix-shell commands with NP_RUNTIME=bwrap ./nix-portable . So:

# Do not
nix-shell --run "bash"
# Do
NP_RUNTIME=bwrap ./nix-portable nix-shell --run "bash"

Development¶

Now we can enter the development environment:

nix-shell --run "bash" --cores 4 -j4 --pure ci/shell.nix

The --pure flag ensures no system dependencies are used in the environment.

The build steps are the same as with the ci:

./build0.sh
./build1.sh

To change the compilation environment from gcc (default) to clang we can use --argstr:

nix-shell --run "bash" --cores 4 -j4 --pure ci/shell.nix --argstr clangOnly "yes"

Note About Dependencies¶

End users (and distributions) are encouraged to use the tarball from https://lfortran.org/download/, which only depends on LLVM, CMake and a C++ compiler.

The tarball is generated automatically by our CI (continuous integration) and contains some autogenerated files: the parser, the AST and ASR nodes, which is generated by an ASDL translator (requires Python).

The instructions from git are to be used when developing LFortran itself.

Note for users who do not use Conda¶

Following are the dependencies necessary for installing this repository in development mode,

Bison - 3.5.1
LLVM - 11.0.1
re2c - 2.0.3
binutils - 2.31.90 - Make sure that you should enable the required options related to this dependency to build the dynamic libraries (the ones ending with .so).

Stacktraces¶

LFortran can print stacktraces when there is an unhandled exception, as well as on any compiler error with the --show-stacktrace option. This is very helpful for developing the compiler itself to see where in LFortran the problem is. The stacktrace support is turned off by default, to enable it, compile LFortran with the -DWITH_STACKTRACE=yes cmake option after installing the prerequisites on each platform per the instructions below.

LLVM¶

In all platforms having LLVM, stacktraces can be shown with LLVM, so no additional prerequisites are required. If LLVM is not available, you can use the following instructions, depending on your platform.

Ubuntu¶

In Ubuntu, apt install binutils-dev.

macOS¶

If you use the default Clang compiler on macOS, then the stacktraces should just work on both Intel and M1 based macOS (the CMake build system automatically invokes the dsymtuil tool and our Python scripts to store the debug information, see src/bin/CMakeLists.txt for more details). If it does not work, please report a bug.

If you do not like the default way, an alternative is to use bintutils. For that, first install Spack, then:

spack install binutils
spack find -p binutils

The last command will show a full path to the installed binutils package. Add this path to your shell config file, e.g.:

export CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH_LFORTRAN=/Users/ondrej/repos/spack/opt/spack/darwin-catalina-broadwell/apple-clang-11.0.0/binutils-2.36.1-wy6osfm6bp2323g3jpv2sjuttthwx3gd

and compile LFortran with the -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="$CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH_LFORTRAN;$CONDA_PREFIX" cmake option. The $CONDA_PREFIX is there if you install some other dependencies (such as llvm) using Conda, otherwise you can remove it.